In 2001, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) updated its 1995 guidelines for routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) counseling and voluntary testing of pregnant women. The new guidelines differ from earlier guidelines in that they emphasize HIV (Medication Viramune treating HIV infection) testing as a routine part of prenatal care and strengthen the recommendation that all pregnant women in the United States be tested voluntarily for HIV, regardless of risk factors or prevalence rates in the community.

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These data show that minority races and ethnicities continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic. We found notably higher numbers and rates of HIV/AIDS and AIDS diagnoses among the black population. Race and ethnicity are not risk factors for HIV infection but may be markers for socioeconomic factors, such as poverty, underemployment and limited access to high-quality healthcare. According to a recent comparison of black women who had been given a diagnosis of HIV infection (Drug Viramune treating HIV infection) during 2003-2004 and black women who were not infected, the infected women were more likely to be receiving public assistance. Also, larger proportions of infected women had lower incomes or were unemployed.

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Estimated Diagnoses of HIV/AIDS

Of the 124,972 diagnoses of HIV/AIDS made during 2000-2003 in the 32 states, 68% were for minority races and ethnicities. Of all persons given a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS, 52% were black, 15% Hispanic and <1% each were American Indian/Alaska Native or Asian/Pacific Islander. By sex, 63% of males and 81% of females were members of minority races and ethnicities. Blacks accounted for the largest proportions among both males (45%) and females (69%). In each race or ethnicity, the predominant transmission category was male-to-male sexual contact for male adults and adolescents, and heterosexual contact for female adults and adolescents. The largest number of diagnoses of HIV/AIDS in each race or ethnicity was for persons aged 25-44. Most of the children (<13 years) given a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS were black (70%) (Table 1).

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After removing patient and physician identifiers, state health departments routinely send confidential HIV infection (Generic Zerit treating HIV infection when used in combination with other medicines) and AIDS case reports to CDC through the HIV/AIDS Reporting System. The information reported for each case includes demographics, mode of exposure, laboratory data, clinical status, and referrals for treatment or services.

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In June 1981, the first five cases of AIDS were recognized in the United States. By June 1982, more than 400 AIDS cases had been reported to the CDC; 36% of these cases occurred in minority races and ethnicities. In 2003, an estimated 72% of AIDS cases diagnosed in the 50 states; District of Columbia; and U.S. dependencies, possessions and free nations were in minority races and ethnicities. Additional studies have shown that minority races and ethnicities continue to be disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

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The UBTH and OAUTH have a combined capacity of over 1,000 bed spaces. Both have oral and maxillofacial surgery departments dedicated to the teaching of undergraduate students and residents, and the management of orofacial conditions. They are also major trauma referral centers. This study recorded that more males than females (ratio 3.2:1) sustained zygomatic complex fractures. This is consistent with other reports. Males (34.3%) in the 21-30-year age group were most often involved, and road traffic accidents were the leading etiologic factor (p<0.05). Many studies have shown that young adult males were commonly affected. The role of road traffic accidents as an etiologic factor in zygomatic complex fractures has been identified by some studies. A previous study had identified the contributory factors in road traffic accidents resulting in maxillofacial trauma in Nigeria. The young Nigerian male is more likely to engage in jobs that require intercity vehicular transport. Due to nonenforcement of road traffic laws, many Nigerian drivers notoriously exceed the speed limit, do not use seat belts, and drive under the influence of alcohol and other psycho-active substances. As a result of the economic recession in Nigeria, many drivers fit already used tires on their vehicles, while years of neglect have left the highways in disrepair. All these factors contribute to the rising role of road traffic accidents as a leading cause of maxillofacial trauma in Nigeria.

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One-hundred-two (76.1%) males and 32 (23.9%) females were recorded during the study period, giving a malerfemale ratio of 3.2:1. They ranged in age from 18-70 years, with a mean age of 32 years. Patients in the 21-30-year age group (62 or 46.3%) were most often involved (Table 1). The etiology of zygomatic complex fractures are shown in Table 2. There was a significant association between road traffic accidents and fractures among the age groups (%²=38.919, df=24, p<0.05) but none between road traffic accidents and sex (%²=3.574, df =3, p>0.05).

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