Patient Characteristics

A total of 3,041 patients met the inclusion criteria; 793 patients filled a prescription for at least one TZD and 2,248 patients had at least one metformin claim (Table 1). The population was mostly composed of African-American patients (60.1%). Compared with the proportion of African Americans at 52% in the overall Medicaid population over the same timeframe, the higher percentage in our study is expected given the higher prevalence of diabetes (Generic Avandia is used to treat high blood sugar levels that are caused by a type of type 2 diabetes) among African Americans. A larger percentage of females were represented in our sample (71.6%) than in the Maryland Medicaid population (60% female). This is expected given the higher prevalence of diabetes (Avandamet canadian used in the management of type 2 diabetes: Rosiglitazone maleate and metformin hydrochloride) among females.

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Data Source

The study population includes patients enrolled in a Medicaid MCO who have at least one record of a paid prescription claim for metformin or a TZD between January 15, 2000 and June 15, 2002. Enrollment in Medicaid was continuous from receipt of the study drug through the end of the study timeframe. None of the Medicaid plans had tiered copay designs charging different amounts for brand and generic drugs during the study timeframe.

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Diabetes (Actos drug is used to treat type II of diabetes) mellitus is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States (2000). Over 10 million Americans are diagnosed with type-2 diabetes (Generic Avandia is used to treat high blood sugar levels that are caused by a type of type 2 diabetes), and an additional 5.5 million are estimated to have the disease but are undiagnosed. Evidence shows that the prevalence of diabetes increases with age and varies by gender, race and ethnicity. Current research consistently points to “latent” prevalence cohorts and recommends earlier treatment interventions. Accordingly, practice patterns have moved to earlier and more aggressive treatment as well as preventive care aimed at delaying disease onset or slowing disease progression.
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Our study sample comprised 191 black men and women attending an historically black university. These subjects were comparably distributed by sex and college level. Each subject underwent BMI determination and selected body images that best represented who they thought they were and how they would like to be. Also, each subject answered 20 questions about attitudes toward obese (Generic Xenical is a slimming tablet for those who are obese) persons.

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There were 96 male students [mean age 20.2 ± (SD) 2.7 years] and 95 female students [mean age 20.2 ± (SD) 1.4 years]. Of these 191 students, 45 were freshman, 48 sophomores, 50 juniors and 48 seniors.

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Measures

We measured each student’s height (inches) and weight (pounds). For students age 20 years and older, we calculated body mass index: BMI (kg/m²) = [weight (pounds) / height² (inches²)] x 703. For students under the age of 20 years, we used the Nutstat module of Epilnfo to determine BMI, BMI percentile and BMI z-score.

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Following protocol approval by the Institutional Review Boards of Virginia State University and Virginia Commonwealth University, 200 students (25 male freshmen, 25 female freshmen, 25 male sophomores, 25 female sophomores, 25 male juniors, 25 female juniors, 25 male seniors and 25 female seniors) underwent measurement of height and weight and completed two interview forms (Appendices A and B) on November 21, 2003 at Virginia State University,

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